Brenna Cunningham
20th century history
October 15th, 2008
Modernity
Modernity as a Positive or a Negative
Modernity is best described as the modern era, but it could also be referred to as a cultural and intellectual movement. Some say the movement was from about 1630-1940, others say from the beginning of the 20th century, or the Industrial revolution. There were many outspoken critics of modernity, namely; Engels, Marx, Gandhi, and movie producer Fritz Lang. At the turn of the 20th century, authors disagreed about whether modernity will lead to social progress.
Many authors believed that modernity was defective, and would be harmful to the future. Friedrich Engels explains in Socialism: Utopian and Scientific: “But the perfecting of machinery is making human labor superfluous.” He deciphers that labor is becoming abundant and unnecessary because of machinery and it displaces manual labor throughout. He also quotes Marx saying that “the machinery becomes the most powerful weapon in the war of capital against the working class”. Another persuasive author that clearly states he is utterly against modernity and developed civilizations is Gandhi. In his Hind Swaraj he compares the differences in the lifestyle of a modern and a former society some of his arguments being: “Formerly, only a few men wrote valuable books. Now, anybody writes and prints anything he likes and poisons peoples minds…Men will not need the use of their hands and feet…Everything will be done by machinery… People lack real physical strength or courage.” As one can see, Gandhi strongly believes that the modern civilization is becoming immoral and is destroying traditional customs. Gandhi explains that with machinery becoming the new form of labor, people don’t need to work anymore and they become lazier and not as active. To Gandhi and Engels, modernity is destroying society.
Though many authors thought modernity was contemptible, others believed that the future would always be brighter than the past. In Vol. IX of the Economist, it states that “We look upon the Part with respect and affection as a series of steppingstones, to that high and advanced position which we actually hold and from the Future we hope for the realization of those dreams, almost of perfectibility, which a comparison of the Past with the present entitles us to indulge in”. This defines what a significant amount of important philosophers and authors believed in; which basically is that people look towards future as an opportunity for improvement and to create a perfect society. An author who thought alike was Walt Whitman, who wrote an optimistic poem about the upcoming future and the progress it would bring to society. In his poem he mentions “I see Freedom, completely armed and victorious and very haughty, with Law on one side and Peace on the other”. He strongly believed that the future would be different and progress to more equal and developed ways, as his poem, Years of the Modern, contains his expectations of a brighter society in the future.
Humanity could improve throughout time and it could progress. However, one cannot be sure. As far as Gandhi, Engels, and many other authors are concerned, humanity could be doomed, due to the effects and growth of modern society. Humans are on a path they cannot avoid, a path of evolution, for the better or for the worse. Society will constantly be growing intellectually and culturally, new creations will be developed, and more machinery will be formed to make daily tasks easier, but the question is, is all of the change beneficial?
Posted in 20th Century History